TM3: Flexible Transport-layer Multi-pipe Multiplexing Middlebox Without Head-of-line Blocking

A primary design decision in HTTP/2, the successor of HTTP/1.1, is object multiplexing. While multiplexing improves web performance in many scenarios, it still has several drawbacks due to complex cross-layer interactions. In this paper, we propose a novel multiplexing architecture called TM that overcomes many of these limitations. TM strategically leverages multiple concurrent multiplexing pipes in a transparent manner, and eliminates various types of head-of-line blocking that can severely impact user experience. TM works beyond HTTP over TCP and applies to a wide range of application and transport protocols. Extensive evaluations on LTE and wired networks show that TM substantially improves performance e.g., reduces web page load time by an average of 24% compared to SPDY, which is the basis for HTTP/2. For lossy links and concurrent transfers, the improvements are more pronounced: compared to SPDY, TM achieves up to 42% of average PLT reduction under losses and up to 90% if concurrent transfers exist.